Macal Chasm, Belize 5300 Year Stalagmite Isotope and Luminescence/Reflectance Data

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2. World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
3. and
4. NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
5. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
6. -----------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Template Version 2.0
8. NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
9. If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
11. Description/Documentation lines begin with #
12. Data lines have no #
14. Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/20506
15. Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/belize/macal2016refl.txt
17. Original_Source_URL:
19. Archive: Speleothems
21. Parameter_Keywords: age control, oxygen isotopes, carbon isotopes, other
22. ---------------------------------------
23. Contribution_Date
24. Date: 2016-09-12
25. ---------------------------------------
26. Title
27. Study_Name: Macal Chasm, Belize 5300 Year Stalagmite Isotope and Luminescence/Reflectance Data
28. ---------------------------------------
29. Investigators
30. Investigators: Akers, P.D.; Brook, G.A.; Railsback, L.B.; Liang, F.; Iannone, G.; Webster, J.W.; Reeder, P.P.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.
31. ---------------------------------------
32. Description and Notes
33. Description: Paleoenvironmental proxy data (oxygen isotope, carbon isotope, ultraviolet-stimulated luminescence, natural-light reflectance, petrography)
34. from stalagmite MC01 from the Vaca Plateau, Belize. Data given here are from the resampled and reanalyzed MC01-E record. Oxygen and carbon isotopes
35. are reported per mill vs. V-PDB. Luminescence and reflectance are reported as grayscale intensities (0=black, 255=white).
36. Provided Keywords: speleothem, stalagmite, oxygen isotope, carbon isotope, luminescence, reflectance, petrography, Maya, Belize, Holocene
38. Type of petrographic boundary observed, Visual identification
39. depth-cm ageCalYrBP petroType
40. 1.7 38 L-type
41. 5.1 365 L-type
42. 11.1 775 L-type
43. 15.0 1035 L-type
44. 18.3 1265 L-type
45. 22.8 1585 L-type
46. 28.7 2020 L-type
47. 29.1 2045 L-type
48. 33.0 2320 L-type
49. 36.0 2500 L-type
50. 42.3 2860 L-type
51. 45.7 3060 L-type
52. 54.8 3550 L-type
53. 74.1 4420 L-type
54. 80.9 4690 L-type
56. ---------------------------------------
57. Publication
58. Authors: Pete D. Akers, George A. Brook, L. Bruce Railsback, Fuyuan Liang, Gyles Iannone, James W. Webster, Philip P. Reeder, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards
59. Published_Date_or_Year: 2016-10-01
60. Published_Title: An extended and higher-resolution record of climate and land use from stalagmite MC01 from Macal Chasm, Belize, revealing connections between major dry events, overall climate variability, and Maya sociopolitical changes
61. Journal_Name: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
62. Volume: 459
63. Edition:
64. Issue:
65. Pages: 268-288
66. Report Number:
67. DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.07.007
68. Online_Resource: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018216302425
69. Full_Citation:
70. Abstract: The stalagmite MC01 was recovered from Macal Chasm cave on the Vaca Plateau of Belize in 1995, and an initial paleoclimate interpretation was published in 2007. Additional uranium-thorium ages have extended the paleoenvironmental record back from 3250 to 5250 cal yr BP, and the stable isotope (d18O and d13C) record is dramatically improved by 660 new values. A series of major dry events (MDEs) evident in stable isotopes, ultraviolet-stimulated luminescence, and petrography began ~ 3100 cal yr BP, and the initiation of these events coincides with an increase in El Nino dominance and southern shift in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Three MDEs, centered at 1750 cal yr BP (200 CE), 1100 cal yr BP (850 CE), and 850 cal yr BP (1100 CE) and found in other regional climate records, coincide with Maya sociopolitical changes. Residuals from regression of d13C versus d18O are interpreted as a proxy for maize cultivation and land clearing, with residual values gradually increasing at the start of Preclassic Period settlement (3950 cal yr BP/2000 BCE), peaking after 2250 cal yr BP (300 BCE) during major Maya development in the Late Preclassic and Classic Periods, and dropping to pre-Preclassic values after regional land abandonment (~ 850 cal yr BP/1100 CE). Regional Maya population growth and cultural expansion may have been aided by abnormally low precipitation variability, as stable isotope variability suggests the Late Preclassic through the Late Classic was the most stable precipitation regime of the past 4000 years. This additional research on MC01 complements other regional paleoenvironmental records that suggest that MDEs coincided with disruptions in Maya society from the Preclassic through the Postclassic Periods. Although it is clear that not all significant sociopolitical changes can be attributed to the MDEs, these events likely played an antagonistic role in social stability.
71. ---------------------------------------
72. Publication
73. Authors: James W. Webster, George A. Brook, L. Bruce Railsback, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Clark Alexander, Philip P. Reeder
74. Published_Date_or_Year: 2007-06-25
75. Published_Title: Stalagmite evidence from Belize indicating significant droughts at the time of Preclassic Abandonment, the Maya Hiatus, and the Classic Maya collapse
76. Journal_Name: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
77. Volume: 250
78. Edition:
79. Issue: 1-4
80. Pages: 1-17
81. Report Number:
82. DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.022
83. Online_Resource: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018207000995
84. Full_Citation:
85. Abstract: Paleoenvironmental data from a stalagmite from western Belize provide a 3300-year record of droughts that impacted the Maya civilization at least four times across a span of 1500 years, and the most sustained period of drought coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization. The stalagmite, which comes from Macal Chasm in the Vaca Plateau, provides reliably dated reflectance, color, luminescence, and C and O stable isotope records for the period from 1225 B.C. to the present. The record thus encompasses the Maya Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic periods. The Maya civilization peaked in population density and socioeconomic complexity during the Classic period extending from A.D. 25 to 900, but it declined abruptly over the years from A.D. 750 and 900. The stalagmite record indicates that a series of droughts, which collectively form the most prolonged dry interval in the 3300-year record, lasted from A.D. 700 to 1135 and thus coincided with the collapse of the Maya civilization. In addition, two earlier droughts evident in the stalagmite record coincided with the Preclassic Abandonment and the Maya Hiatus, two earlier declines in Maya civilization. A drought in the mid-1400s recorded in post-Classic documents is also evident in the stalagmite record. Collectively, these findings illustrate the dependence of Mayan civilization on water supplies and the impact of declining water resources on a vibrant civilization.
86. ---------------------------------------
87. Funding_Agency
88. Funding_Agency_Name: Alphawood Foundation
89. Grant:
90. ---------------------------------------
91. Site Information
92. Site_Name: Macal Chasm
93. Location: North America>Central America>Belize
94. Country: Belize
95. Northernmost_Latitude: 16.883
96. Southernmost_Latitude: 16.883
97. Easternmost_Longitude: -89.108
98. Westernmost_Longitude: -89.108
99. Elevation: 530 m
100. ---------------------------------------
101. Data_Collection
102. Collection_Name: Macal2016refl
103. First_Year: -42
104. Last_Year: 5245
105. Time_Unit: cal. yr BP
106. Core_Length: 93.6 cm

1. 3. drawing climate data diagram in python 3
   4. version 4000.0008
   5. 08.12.2022

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np import pandas as pd from scipy import interpolate from matplotlib.ticker import (MultipleLocator, AutoMinorLocator) import scipy.signal import matplotlib.colors as colors import math as math

1. datafilename="macal2016uvl_1.csv"

datafilename="macal2016refl_4.csv"

1. captioni="Macal UV-luminance"
2. savename="macal_uvl_1.svg"

captioni="Macal reflectance" savename="macal_reflectance_1.svg"

1. s1='age_calBP'

s1="Year_AD" s2='refl'

beginx=600 endx=1200

convert_bp_to_ad=0

beginy=0 endy=250

figsizex=22 figsizey=6

yearspan=int(math.fabs(endx-beginx))

dfin0=pd.read_csv(datafilename, sep=";")

dfin0=dfin0.drop_duplicates(subset=[s1])

lst1=[s1, s2]

dfin1 = dfin0[dfin0.columns.intersection(lst1)]

x0=dfin1[s1]

y0=dfin1[s2]

x=np.array(x0) y=np.array(y0)

1. 1. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! bp to ce, ad!

if(convert_bp_to_ad==1): x=1950-x

1. print (x)

1. quit(-1)

yy2=y[:2000]

ymean1=np.mean(yy2)

1. 1. ad hoc drought limit

ylimit1=ymean1-50

1. print (y)
2. quit(-1)

size0=14 size1=16 size2=18 size3=22

x_sm = x y_sm = y

x_smooth = np.linspace(beginx,endx, yearspan)

1. quit(-1)

funk1 = interpolate.interp1d(x_sm, y_sm, kind="cubic")

1. quit(-1)

y_smooth = funk1(x_smooth) y_savgol1 = scipy.signal.savgol_filter(y_smooth,11, 3) y_savgol2 = scipy.signal.savgol_filter(y_smooth,5, 3)

a=np.outer(np.ones(2),y_smooth) a=np.outer(np.ones(2),y_savgol2)

1. cmap1="RdBu"
2. cmap1="hsv"
3. cmap1="seismic"
4. cmap1="bwr"
5. cmap1="coolwarm1"
6. cmap1="RdBu_r"

1. cmap1="gist_earth_r"

cmap1="terrain_r"

1. cmap1="twilight_shifted_r"

1. cmap1="cividis_r"

1. cmap1="YlGnBu"

1. cmap1="BrBG"

print (type(cmap1))

1. fig=plt.gca()
2. plt.figure(figsize=(figsizex, figsizey))

1. quit(-1)

plt.xlim([beginx, endx])

plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = [figsizex, figsizey]

1. plt.imshow(a,aspect='auto', cmap=cmap1, extent=[beginx, endx,-50,-30], alpha=0.5)

plt.imshow(a,aspect='auto', cmap=cmap1, extent=[beginx, endx,endy,beginy], alpha=0.5)

1. plt.imshow(a,aspect='auto', cmap=cmap1, vmin=endy-0, vmax=beginy+0, extent=[beginx, endx,endy,beginy], alpha=1.0)

1. plt.show()

1. quit(-1)

1. plt.xlim(beginx, endx)
2. plt.ylim(endy, beginy)

1. plt.plot(x, y, color="#7f0000", alpha=1.0, linewidth=1)

plt.plot(x, y, color="#700000", alpha=0.7, linewidth=1)

1. plt.plot(x_smooth, y_savgol1, color="#0000ff", alpha=0.33, linewidth=1)

1. plt.plot(x_smooth, y_savgol2, color="#0000ff", linewidth=2)

plt.axhline(y = ylimit1, color = 'g', linestyle = ':', linewidth=2)

plt.locator_params(axis='x', nbins=20)

plt.title(captioni, fontsize=size3, color="#0000af") plt.xlabel('Year AD', color="darkgreen", fontsize=21) plt.ylabel('Reflectance', color="darkgreen", fontsize=21) plt.xticks(fontsize=17) plt.yticks(fontsize=17)

plt.gca().invert_yaxis()

1. plt.gca().grid()

plt.gca().xaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(100)) plt.gca().xaxis.set_minor_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(10))

plt.gca().yaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(100)) plt.gca().yaxis.set_minor_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(10))

1. mng = plt.get_current_fig_manager()
2. mng.window.state('zoomed')

plt.savefig('figure.svg')

plt.show()